Conceptual remarks for the understanding of city and border systems in a global reality

Abstract. Globalized bordering methods differ from national bordering initiatives and practices in their more complex and less clearly delineated structure. They are controlled by bundles of economic, political, cultural, social and jurisdictional institutions that operate on a four-Ievel scalar order. Flows on higher levels in the hierarchy may cross borders on lower levels. In addition, border characteristics as both limit and transgression are emphasized. As a result, the study of borders as a clear-cut dividing line remains irrelevant for the understanding of many bordering situations. Instead, borders become osmotic barriers in which elites gain the power to institutionalize discriminating practices of border crossing and limiting. In the light of these consequences, it is necessary in bordering studies to focus on identifying bundles of institutions that limit selective flows, unraveling their modes of Operation in both limiting flows and creating transgressions, and in exposing the consequences of limits and transgressions on the deprivation of selected interests.