AFP: Le béton-ciment, troisième “pays” des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, GEO, https://www.geo.fr/environnement/le-beton-ciment-troisieme-pays-des-emissions-de-gaz-a-effet (last access: 18 March 2026), 2021.
Ahmed, S. and Atta, A.: The turn of
al-Borsa … The silence of the chimneys reveals the crisis of the brick kilns in Arab Abu Said, al-Borsa,
https://alborsaanews.com/2019/10/21/1256520 (last access: 4 March 2026), 2019.
Akrich, M.: Comment décrire les objets techniques?, Techniques & Culture. Revue semestrielle d'anthropologie des techniques, https://doi.org/10.4000/tc.863, 1987.
Al Hiwar TV: Construction ban in Egypt for ten years except for government projects, Al Hiwar TV,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-LAoXXUmOM (last access: 4 March 2026), 2022.
Amar, P.: Military Capitalism: In Egypt and Brazil, the foundations of a terrifying new “para-populism”are taking shape at the intersection of international finance, mega-construction, and military rule, NACLA Rep. Am., 50, 82–89, https://doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2018.1448601, 2018.
Appadurai, A. (Ed.): The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, in: 1st Edn., Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511819582, 1986.
Arboleda, M.: Spaces of Extraction, Metropolitan Explosions: Planetary Urbanization and the Commodity Boom in Latin America, Int. J. Urban Reg. Res., 40, 96–112, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12290, 2016.
Archambault, J. S.: `One beer, one block': concrete aspiration and the stuff of transformation in a Mozambican suburb, J. R. Anthropol. Inst., 24, 692–708, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.12912, 2018.
Augiseau, V.: La dimension matérielle de l'urbanisation: flux et stocks de matériaux de construction en Ile-de-France, Thèse de doctorat, Paris 1,
https://theses.fr/2017PA01H111 (last access: 17 March 2026), 2017.
Bastin, A.: Des métabolismes territoriaux en transformation? Gouvernance des matériaux de chantier et expérimentations de nouvelles valorisations en Ile-de-France et dans la région de Bruxelles, Thèse de doctorat, Paris, Institut d'études politiques,
https://theses.fr/2022IEPP0020 (last access: 17 March 2026), 2022.
Bautès, N.: Penser les espaces de l'artisanat ordinaire en Inde. Matérialités, configurations et politique, Soutenance d'HDR, Université Paris 1, Panthéon-Sorbonne, 289 pp.,
https://shs.hal.science/tel-04215122 (last access: 17 March 2026), 2022.
Beier, R. and Elmouelhi, H.: Constructing Legitimacy through Pro-poor Housing? Branding Cities in Egypt and Morocco as “Slum-free,” in: Branding the Middle East, edited by: Wippel, S., De Gruyter, 459–478, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110741100-027, 2023.
Boukhari, J.: La mainmise des généraux sur le ciment égyptien, Orient XXI,
https://orientxxi.info/magazine/mainmise-des-generaux-sur-le-ciment-egyptien,2767 (last access: 4 March 2026), 2018.
Brenner, N. and Schmid, C.: Towards a new epistemology of the urban?, City, 19, 151–182, https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2015.1014712, 2015.
Brenner, N., Madden, D. J., and Wachsmuth, D.: Assemblage urbanism and the challenges of critical urban theory, City, 15, 225–240, https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2011.568717, 2011.
Bridge, G.: The Hole World: Scales And Spaces Of Extraction, New Geogr., 2, 43–48, 2015.
Bush, R. and Ayeb, H.: Marginality and Exclusion in Egypt, Bloomsbury Publishing, 258 pp., ISBN 9781780320847, 2012.
Choplin, A.: Produire la ville en Afrique de l'Ouest: Le corridor urbain de Accra à Lagos, L'information géographique, 2, 85–103, 2019.
Choplin, A.: Matière grise de l'urbain. La vie du ciment en Afrique, Métis Presses, Genève, 256 pp., ISBN 978-2-940563-74-6, 2020.
Choplin, A.: Building concrete futures: materiality and urban lives in West Africa, Africa, 93, 20–39, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001972023000104, 2023.
Cook, I.: Follow the Thing: Papaya, Antipode, 36, 642–664, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2004.00441.x, 2004.
Dawson, K.: Geologising Urban Political Ecology (UPE): The Urbanisation of Sand in Accra, Ghana, Antipode, 53, 995–1017, https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12718, 2021.
Denis, E.: Cairo as Neoliberal Capital? From Walled City to Gated Communities, in: Cairo Cosmopolitan, edited by: Singerman, D. and Amar, P., American University in Cairo Press, 47–71, ISBN 9774249283, 2006.
Desvaux, P.: Pour une approche qualitative du métabolisme urbain. L'exemple des voies métaboliques des déchets plastiques au Caire (Égypte), Flux, 116–117, 147–160, https://doi.org/10.3917/flux1.116.0147, 2019.
Diaa, M.: The President of the Red Brick House: 40 % of Factories Are Shut Down After Energy and Raw Materials Price Increase, Youm 7,
https://shorturl.at/7hpuh (last access: 4 March 2026), 2018.
El-Hamawy, M. A.: An Evaluation of the Usage of Environmentally Friendly Bricks for Housing in Egypt, Mémoire de recherche, Degree of Master of Science in Integrated Urbanism and Sustainable Design, Ain Shams University and University of Stuttgart, 100 pp.,
https://iusd.asu.edu.eg/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9-IUSD-VIII_-MT-Final_-Malek-Amr.pdf (last access: 17 March 2026), 2020.
El-Husseiny, M.: Questions of cityness at the extensions: Law, discrimination and Cairo's desert from the lens of Frantz Fanon's urban passant, Dialog. Hum. Geogr., 15, 28–32, https://doi.org/10.1177/20438206231212029, 2023.
El-Husseiny, M.: Spaces of the maybe: fragments as new urban possibilities in Cairo's extended urbanisation, J. Urbanism: Int. Res. Placemak. Urban Sustain., 18, 195–215, https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2022.2137686, 2025.
El Kadi, G.: L'urbanisation spontanée au Caire, URBAMA, Institut de géographie, O.R.S.T.O.M, Tours, 376 pp.,
https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers18-02/25420.pdf (last access: 17 March 2026), 1987.
Elsheshtawy, Y.: From Dubai to Cairo. Competing Global Cities, Models, and Shifting Centers of Influence?, in: Cairo cosmopolitan: politics, culture, and urban space in the new globalized Middle East, edited by: Singerman, D. and Amar, P., The American University in Cairo Press, https://doi.org/10.5743/cairo/9789774162893.003.0008, 2006.
Fahmy, K.: The perils of conducting academic research in Sisi's Egypt, Khaled Fahmy,
https://khaledfahmy.org/en/2022/01/16/the-perils-of-conducting-academic-research-in-sisis-egypt/ (last access: 30 November 2022), 2022.
Florin, B.: Réforme de la gestion des déchets et reconfigurations des territoires professionnels des chiffonniers du Caire, geocarrefour, 109–118, https://doi.org/10.4000/geocarrefour.7812, 2010.
Fontein, J. and Smith, C.: Introduction: the stuff of African cities, Africa, 93, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1017/S000197202300013X, 2023.
Fouda, Y. E.: A GIS for environmental assessment of air pollution impacts on urban clusters and natural landscape at Rosetta City and region, Egypt, Urban Ecosyst., 5, 5–25, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021818317675, 2001.
Fry, M.: Cement, carbon dioxide, and the `necessity' narrative: A case study of Mexico, Geoforum, 49, 127–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.06.003, 2013.
Gastrow, C.: DIY Verticality: The Politics of Materiality in Luanda, City Soc., 32, 93–117, https://doi.org/10.1111/ciso.12242, 2020.
Ghiglia, M.: Chapitre 15. Comment la dimension de la surveillance participe à la fabrique d'une recherche. Expérience d'enquête dans l'Égypte post-janvier 2011, in: L'enquête en danger, Armand Colin, Paris, 313–330, https://doi.org/10.3917/arco.aldri.2022.01.0313, 2022.
Ghodbane, D.: Without a plan? An ethnography of architecture, domestic microclimates, and building practices in contemporary Cairo, Università della Svizzera italiana, 284 pp.,
https://susi.usi.ch/usi/documents/319397 (last access: 17 March 2026), 2020.
Gomaa, A.: Sisi plans urban face-lift for Egypt's cities, al-Monitor,
https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2019/01/egypt-painting-building-scheme-unified-color-urbanisation.html (last access: 4 March 2026), 2019.
Higazy, M., Essa, K. S. M., Mubarak, F., El-Sayed, E.-S. M., Sallam, A. M., and Talaat, M. S.: Analytical Study of Fuel Switching from Heavy Fuel Oil to Natural Gas in clay brick factories at Arab Abu Saed, Greater Cairo, Sci. Rep., 9, 10081, hhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46587-w, 2019.
Jaglin, S.: Regulating Service Delivery in Southern Cities: Rethinking urban heterogeneity, in: The Routledge Handbook on Cities of the Global South, Routledge, ISBN 9780203387832, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203387832, 2014.
Kanai, J. M.: On the peripheries of planetary urbanization: Globalizing Manaus and its expanding impact, Environ. Plan. D, 32, 1071–1087, 2014.
Keil, R.: Extended urbanization, “disjunct fragments” and global suburbanisms, Environ. Plan. D, 36, 494–511, https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775817749594, 2018.
Khalil, M. M.: Sha'rawy: Meeting with `Fine Arts' and `Urban Coordination' to Choose the Color of Building Facades in the Governorates, al-Masry al-Youm,
https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1362289 (last access: 4 March 2026), 2019.
Lefebvre, H.: La révolution urbaine, Gallimard, Paris, France, 248 pp., ISBN 2070352161, 1970.
Lehmann, V.: Islands in the Desert, in: Urban Ecologies of the Lower Nile Valley, June 2023,
https://cedej-eg.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Urban-Ecologies-Conference-2023_Agenda.pdf (last access: 17 March 2026), 2023.
MacKenzie, D.: Egypt's Great Brick Crisis, no. 1458, New Scientist, p. 10, 1985.
Mada Masr: Government campaign to demolish informal buildings sparks anger, Mada Masr, https://www.madamasr.com/en/2020/09/10/news/politics/ (last access: 18 March 2026), 2020.
Marcus, G. E.: Ethnography in/of the World System: The Emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography, Annu. Rev. Anthropol., 24, 95–117, 1995.
Mishra, P.: Urbanisation Through Brick Kilns: The Interrelationship Between Appropriation of Nature and Labour Regimes, Urbanisation, 5, 17–36, https://doi.org/10.1177/2455747120965199, 2020.
Mongeard, L.: De la démolition à la production de graves recyclées: analyse des logiques de proximité d'une filière dans l'agglomération lyonnaise, Flux, 108, 64–79, https://doi.org/10.3917/flux1.108.0064, 2017.
Myers, G. A.: Political ecology and urbanisation: Zanzibar's construction materials industry, J. Mod. Afr. Stud., 37, 83–108, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X99002980, 1999.
Pérez-Houis, C.: The Deserted Red Brick Factories in Greater Cairo: From One Welfare State to Another, Égypte Soudan Mondes Arabes, 25, 27–48, https://doi.org/10.4000/134aj, 2024.
Pilo', F.: Material Politics: Utility Documents, Claims-Making and Construction of the “Deserving Citizen” in Rio de Janeiro, City Soc., 32, 71–92, https://doi.org/10.1111/ciso.12244, 2020.
Pilo', F. and Jaffe, R.: Introduction: The Political Materiality of Cities, City Soc., 32, 8–22, https://doi.org/10.1111/ciso.12252, 2020.
Ramadan, F.: The International Financial Corporation and the enforcement of environmental and social sustainability standards: a case study of Titan Cement Company, Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights,
https://eipr.org/sites/default/files/reports/pdf/ifc_and_the_enforcement_of_sustainability_standards.pdf (last access: 17 March 2026), 2014.
Ravelli, Q.: Les briques rouges. Logement, dettes et luttes sociales en Espagne, Amsterdam Editions, 187 pp., ISBN 978-2-35480-158-8, 2017.
Robinson, J.: Ordinary cities: between modernity and development, Routledge, London, New York, 204 pp., ISBN 9781134406944, 2006.
Rommel, C.: Where State and Popular Economy meet: Dreams of projects in a purpose-built Egyptian desert city, in: ECAS2023 Conference, The state and its economic futures in Africa: work, wealth, welfare,
https://nomadit.co.uk/conference/ecas2023/paper/72899 (last access: 17 March 2026), 2023.
Sayigh, Y.: Owners of the Republic. An anatomy of Egypt's military economy, Carnegie Middle East Center,
https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/12/owners-of-the-republic-an-anatomy-of-egypts-military-economy (last access: 17 March 2026), 2019.
Schindler, S.: Towards a paradigm of Southern urbanism, City, 21, 47–64, https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2016.1263494, 2017.
Sharp, D.: Haphazard urbanisation: Urban informality, politics and power in Egypt, Urban Stud., 59, 734–749, https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211040927, 2022.
Shawkat, Y.: Egypt's Housing Crisis: The Shaping of Urban Space, The American University in Cairo Press, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2ks6zb8, 2020.
Simone, A.: People as infrastructure: Intersecting fragments in Johannesburg, Publ. Cult., 16, 407–429, 2004.
Sims, D.: Understanding Cairo: The Logic of a City Out of Control, American University in Cairo Press, https://doi.org/10.5743/cairo/9789774164040.001.0001, 2011.
Sims, D.: Egypt's desert dreams: development or disaster?, Le Caire, Égypte, The American University in Cairo Press, ISBN 9781617978845, 2018.
Stadnicki, R.: Sissi-City, la “nouvelle capitale” d'Égypte. Enquête sur une publicité bien gardée, Revue du Crieur, 8, 62–89, https://doi.org/10.3917/crieu.008.0062, 2017.
Stadnicki, R.: L'imagerie urbanistique à Koweït: de l'image de ville à l'image-ville, arabianhumanities, 11, https://doi.org/10.4000/cy.4180, 2019.
Tarek, M.: Egypt's battle over buildings: The government takes on informal housing, Mada Masr, https://www.madamasr.com/en/2020/09/16/feature/politics/egypts-battle-over-buildings-the-government-takes-on-informal (last access: 4 March 2026), 2020.
Tsing, A. L.: Le champignon de la fin du monde: sur la possibilité de vivre dans les ruines du capitalisme, La Découverte, Paris, ISBN 978-2-35925-136-4, 2017.
Verkaaik, O.: The Anticipated Mosque: The Political Affect of a Planned Building, City Soc., 32, 118–136, 2020.
Wahba, D.: Militarized Governance and Counterrevolutionary Infrastructure in Egypt, Curr. Hist., 123, 342–346, https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2024.123.857.342, 2024.
Wahdan, D.: Transport thugs: spatial marginalization in a Cairo suburb, in: Marginality and Exclusion in Egypt, Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 9789774165771, 2012.
Wallace, I.: The Campaign to Reshape Egypt's Cityscapes and Eliminate Informal Housing, Jadaliyya,
https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/42781 (last access: 4 March 2026), 2021.
Zaazaa, A.: The Extractive Sector: Real Estate Urbanism in Greater Cairo and its Toll on the Environment, in: Middle Eastern Cities in a Time of Climate Crisis, edited by: Deboulet, A. and Mansour, W., CEDEJ – Égypte/Soudan, Le Caire, 49–74, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.cedej.8564, 2022.